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Williams, Abigail. Poetry and the Creation of a Whig Literary Culture, 1681-1714. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005. Print.

Stephen Zwicker. Lines of Authority: Politics and Literary Culture, 1644-1689. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1993. Print.

NOTES

1. Such a reading has long been contested. In 1972, Otis Fellows, in an article entitled “Prior’s ‘Pritty Spanish Conceit,’” argued that Don Quixote (or rather Sancho Panza) was a significant influence on “Alma,” noting Panza’s insistence that the belly governs the heart rather than vice versa. Fellows uses this hint to undermine the entire system of “Alma”:

The present writer is still as convinced as he was a few years ago when he wrote that in the debate between Mat and Richard, it is the latter who says that the mind’s seat of empire is the belly, and that it is significant that Richard should have the last thirty lines, which are in praise of happiness, or at least contentment. It remains his considered judgement that, in the end, “the pragmatic Richard is closer to Prior’s position than Mat, and Prior’s poem succeeds only as Mat’s system fails, as all systems must fail that employ only the modest agent of human reason for metaphysical speculation. Thus, Mat’s system – the reconciling product of intellectual pyrotechnics that are not only magnificent but absurd – collapses before the awesome prospect of Richard’s discontented belly. (11)

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2. The sexualization of William of Orange’s relationship with his favorites is discountenanced by David Onnekink in his article “Mynheer Benting Now Rules over Us”: The 1st Earl of Portland and the Re-Emergence of the English Favourite, 1689−99.” Of course, from the point of view of compensatory propaganda, it is the prevalence rather than the accuracy of homophobic identifications which is significant.

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3. In “The Pre-Requisites for Decisiveness in Early Modern Warfare,” Jamel Ostwald writes, “even Marlborough’s most ardent supporters acknowledge it was a Pyrrhic victory. The heavily entrenched French army suffered nine thousand casualties and the Allies twenty-four thousand, losses so high that the well-organized French withdrawal from the field was not even contested” (665).

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NOTES

1. The variant runs, “Poet, whoe’er thou art, I say God damn thee, /Take my advice and burn thy Mariamne” (Vieth 219).
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2. The Digital Miscellanies Index can be found at http://www.digitalmiscellaniesindex.org. The present essay draws in part on experience of working as a Consultant for this invaluable project, in particular the attribution of canonical poets.
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3. First published in the Pope/Swift Miscellanies volume of 1732; see Gay 2.636, for the attribution to him.
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4. For the relationship between the poetics of Creation and Whig ideas of the sublime, see Williams 186-9.
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5. Creation appears seven times, though four of these are reprintings in new editions: Essays in Prose and Verse (1775, two extracts); The Virgin Muse (1717, 1722, 1731); and The Plain Dealer (1730, 1734). Prince Arthur makes twenty appearances: Bysshe’s Art of English Poetry (1702, two extracts); Athenian Sport (1707, two extracts); The Agreeable Variety (1717, 1724, 1742, five extracts in each); and The Morning Walk or City Encompassed (1751). His only other frequently included poem is from his Paraphrase on the Book of Job (1700): the extracted version of the 2nd Psalm appearing in the volume of religious verse, Divine Hymns and Poems on Several Occasions (1704, 1707, 1709, 1719, 1757).
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Dennis, John. The Critical Works of John Dennis. Ed. Edward N. Hooker. 2 vols. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1939−43. Print.

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——. The Poems of John Oldham. Ed. Raman Selden and Harold Brooks. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1987. Print.

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——. Azaria and Hushai. London: Charles Lee, 1682. Print.

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NOTES

I would like to thank James Woolley for his advice and assistance in the preparation of this essay. Stuart Gillespie, Paul Hammond, David Hopkins, Rob Hume, Paul Hunter and Pat Rogers were also kind enough to respond to my queries.

1. It should be noted that Professor Barnard has acknowledged that he has now revised his “unwise statement, made in 1963, that the Virgil was ‘through and through a commercial venture’” (“Patrons” 174).
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2. Until the value of the guinea was fixed at 21 shillings by royal proclamation in December 1717, its value fluctuated. At the accession of George I, it was worth about 21 shillings and sixpence.
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3. It should be borne in mind, however, that if the second subscribers are taken into account, Dryden’s Virgil attracted 349 subscribers, two of whom, as Barnard points out, were both first and second subscribers (“Patrons” 180n22).
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4. A Second Volume of the Writings of the Author of the True-Born Englishman. Some whereof never before printed, sig. A3r.
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5. Charles Montagu’s well-received Epistle to Dorset, “one of the most widely-praised Whig poems” of the 1690s, according to Abigail Williams, cost sixpence (173).
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6. A True Collection of the Writings of the Author of the True Born English-man[.] The Second Edition Corrected and Enlarg’d by himself, sig. A3v.
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7. All the quotations in this paragraph are taken from the undated folio half-sheet, The Case of the Booksellers Right to their Copies, or Sole Power of Printing their Respective Books, represented to Parliament, which was almost certainly published to inform the parliamentary debate on copyright which led to the Copyright Act of 1709. It is interesting that the author should maintain that “the greatest Charge in Printing is setting the Letters together,” as opposed to the cost of paper, which was extremely expensive, unless, that is, he was speaking about the cost after the paper had been purchased.
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8. The invitation is to be found in the June 1693 issue of The Gentleman’s Journal: or the monthly Miscellany. In a Letter to a Gentleman in the Country. Consisting of News, History, Philosophy, Poetry, Musick, Translations, &c., vol. 3, 195.
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9. Johnson makes the remark in the Adventurer no. 115 (December 11, 1753): “The present age, if we consider chiefly the state of our own country, may be stiled with great propriety THE AGE OF AUTHORS; for, perhaps, there never was a time, in which men of all degrees of ability, of every kind of education, of every profession and employment, were posting with ardour so general to the press.”
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10. The most recent contribution to the debate is Dustin Griffin’s Authorship in the Long Eighteenth Century (2014), esp. Chapter 11, “The Rise of the Professional Author?,” but Brean Hammond’s Professional Imaginative Writing in England 1670-1740 (1997) should also be consulted.
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———. “Dryden, Tonson, and the Subscriptions for the 1697 Virgil.” Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 57.2 (1963): 127-51. Print.

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——. Review. Ed. John McVeagh. 9 vols. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2003–2011. Print.

——. A Second Volume of the Writings of the Author of the True-Born Englishman. Some whereof never before printed. London: Printed, and Sold by the Booksellers, 1705. Print.

——. A True Collection of the Writings of the Author of the True Born English-man[.] The Second Edition Corrected and Enlarg’d by himself. London: Printed, and are to be Sold by most Booksellers in London and Westminster, 1705. Print.

Downie, J. A. “Printing for the Author in the Long Eighteenth Century.” British Literature and Print Culture. Ed. Sandro Jung. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2013. 58-77. Print.

Dryden, John. Examen Poeticum: Being the Third Part of Miscellany Poems, Containing Variety of New Translations of the Ancient Poets. Together with many Original Copies, by the Most Eminent Hands. London: Jacob Tonson, 1693. Print.

——. The Letters of John Dryden. Ed. Charles E. Ward. Durham, N. C.: Duke UP, 1942. Print [Abbreviated Letters].

Dunton, John. The Athenian Oracle: Being an Entire Collection Of all the Valuable Questions and Answers in the Old Athenian Mercuries … By a Member of the Athenian Society. 3 vols. London: Printed for A. Bell, 1703-04. Print.

Foxon, D. F. English Verse 1701-1750: A Catalogue of separately printed poems with notes on contemporary collected editions. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1975. Print.

——. Pope and the Early Eighteenth-Century Book Trade. Revised and ed. James McLaverty. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1991. Print.

Griffin, Dustin. Authorship in the Long Eighteenth Century. Newark, DE: U of Delaware P, 2014. Print.

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